Follicular Kerato-Conjuntivitis in this boy of 3 years 2

Optom
Continuing on this discuss, in a previous blog I discussed the challenges I faced in managing this 3 year old boy with an Adenoviral type of Kerato-Conjunctivitis with heaps of periauricular lymph nodes superimposing the peripheral cornea of the left eye.
On the last two visits the young boy's eyes had shown a good prognosis. I am currently using a tappered dosing of the topical NSAID, an additional gutt: Ciprofloxacin i every 1hr.
Why did I not use steroids that immuno-suppresses such activitis? Why did I opt for an NSAID that would typically counteract the effect of prostalglandins on the compromised LE but wont influence immune responses? (Note the immune responses against allergens in the eyes manifests in the symptoms common with allergic conjunctivitis?). I might have been awed @ the corneal infiltrates & the exagerated  dilatation of conjunctival vessels. I might have been too cautious in using a topical steroid because this hyper-active boy might be mechanically causing corneal abrassion whenever his eyes irritate him. (His parent said he does not itch his eyes, but who can tell?). I might have weighed the toxic/therapeutic consequences hence my choice of the NSAID over the corticosteroids.
I must have been too careful with the hazy cornea & the age of the boy, hence the use of Gutt: Ciprofloxacin to prophylactically check for opportunistic infection on the cornea. I did a flouresin examination of the cornea in each visit to ensure that the young boy's cornea remains intact.
It should come to our knowledge that allergic conjunctivitis of any type might not respond to a specific regimen of drug(s) but knowing its triggering factor is definately an important step in the right direction.
I have also noticed that prescribing glasses, when indicated, using cooling compresses & applying lubricants either in form of eyedrops or in form of ointments (like I used Chloramphenicol eye ointment both for its broad spectrum antibacterial property & for the viscous nature of the ointment), using antihistamines like Keturtifen Fumerates etc to reduce symptomatic itching, an immune response by the host eye to percieved allergens, have been shown to have tremendous influence in managing adenoviral Kerato-conjunctivitis...remember that type of conjunctivitis that could develop real membrane over the conjunctiva & even threatening to invade cornea itself? Recently, some researchers in clinical practice even suggested using 5% Betadine topical solution to flush off the adenoviral load on the surface of the eye! Betadine is a brand name for Povidone iodine known for its very strong antiseptic & antimicrobial charactaristics. It is often used in cataract surgery to sterilize the adnexa of the eyes in fight against opportunistic bacterias that causes Endophthalmitis.
I saw the young boy yesterday & his parents were very happy. His eyes was clearer. His vision has improved & the lustre of the eye was better. But I adviced her on keeping a close look out for any symptom on the boy's right eye & to gradually lower the dosage of all administered eyedrops... It was so good to be of help! Thanks
Dr Ezebuiroh Victor Okwudiri.

Note: This article is devoid of any financial requirements. Feel free to comment, it makes me feel better.
Our free Glaucoma screening exercise is still going on @Opposite Shell Pipeline. Happy weekend.

Follicular Kerato-conjunctivitis in this boy of 3 year plus!

Optom
Happy Valentine Day folks!
Wow its just like yesterday, this time last year! What was I doing self in my last year valentine? I have forgotten... Okey I was googling, facebooking & optometry.naija was still a baby! Its really reasuring to know that somehow last year's love is still enough to go round this year...
Lets discuss a current clinical issue which I observed in managing a three year old boy whose mother brought to my clinic last week ( 7th February 2012). A boy of 3 years old presenting with a monocular redness on the L.E. the mother noticed in the child's eye the penultimate day. He had unilateral epiphora of the ipsilateral eye, mild edematous lids slightly warm & soft to feel. The was marked echymosis, perilimbal conjunctival membrane was masking early follicular infiltrations on the corneal surrounding.
There was no previous history of ill health. Child still goes to school but parents concern stems from the marked hyperemia on the left eye- it was like a pool of crimson redness!
On further observation, patient was very stubborn cos he uses his feet to kick me during diagnosis, there was no conjuntival membrane but lots of scattered papillae adorned the cul du sac like a flower wreath or just scattered. Parent said there was no associated itchiness, no discharges but strands of ropy discharge could be noticed. Cornea was slightly hazy & the follicular infiltrations on the perilimbal area, with @ least one follicular infiltration on the superior corneal area of the ipsilateral eye! These follicular infiltrations are hedge by heaps of periauricular lymph nodes that suddenly exagerated on patient's subsequent clinical appontment 3/7 days later.
The boy was very restless, not necessarily because of the eye condition. I think the boy could be hyper-active, just like many kid's of his age. The parent reports that there was no other sibling who had such similar conditions & this was patient's first eye care visit!
The boy could not identify any visual acuity chart neither was he paynig any attention to other cues. I went straight to applying Gutt: Procaine ii in 5 minutes interval for 15 minutes. This was to numb his over-sensitive L.E. cornea to give patient some soothing relief & prepare patient for the application of flouresin sodium strip on the affected eye for another 1 minute. I had to ensure that the infiltration had not invaded the epithelium of the cornea. The young boy barely allowed my torchlight close to him, hence I could check for the presence of keratic precipitate. The picture depicted a unique likelihood of Epidemic Keratoconjunctivitis.
Adenoviral infection in the eye is the cause of Epidemic Keratoconjunctivits. Treatment of this condition with steroids, topical NSAID, eye lubricant, cyclosporine, cold compress etc is tailored to the symptoms associated with the conjunctivitis. It is usually self-limiting but could cause consequenses!
I followed the typical treatment pattern but only that I replaced steroid with a combination of NSAID & gentamicin (Gutt: Diclogenta i every hour for 3 days & tapered to, Gutt: Diclogenta i qds 1/52). I applied gutt: Mydracyl 1% ii on the Right Eye . I prescribed oint: Chloramphenicol i noct, to soothe the eye & provide a lubricating cover. I added Tab:Vit C ii tds 1/52, Tab: Yeast ii tds 2/52.
In their return visit, I observed a marked improvement in child's vision. I have currently placed her on Gutt: Ciprofloxacin i every 1 hour. Their second visit was better, patient's eye has stopped tearing & the lid edema has gone down & the redness is reducing!
Thanks,
Dr Ezebuiroh Victor.

Note: 1) There is no financial attachment to this article!
          2) Pan-Oj clinic & Diagnostic service limited opposite Shell pipeline is organizing a FREE GLAUCOMA screening from 14th  february to 18ths february.
Thanks.

Refracting the young child!

Optom
In Optometric clinical services refraction is amongs the most relevant clinical procedure carried out. Here in Nigeria, Optometry practice revolve around refraction, management of chronic eye conditions like Glaucoma and/or co-managing co-morbid conditions with other healthcare providers etc one cannot fail to agree that refraction becomes a routine tool in the hand of the Optometrist to identify early ocular manifestation of some systemic diseases like Diabetes; to manage ametropia; to treat refractive errors, anisometropias, some kind of squints, especially those that are not beyond 22 prism dioptres etc; to break suppression; to manage low vision; to check the prognosis of a cataract extraction surgery... Refraction can help treat binocular difficulties associated with accommodation anomalies. Refraction should be as routine as, say, routine blood pressure check in adults!
Refraction procedure carried out in adults is pretty straight forward, except in individuals with very poor cognitive background or in adults with poorly managed Diabetes, Glaucoma, Cataract, hypertension etc. It involves-
a) Checking visual Acuity (VA) in Right eye then left the left eye.
b) Using retinoscopy in a dark room to determine refractive error of the eyes.
c) Doing subjective refraction to get the final prescription of the individual.

Its a very simple procedure in adults but somehow in children we always wary ourselves by the prospect of hyper-active accomodative facility. Attentional span is another matter while compliance with refractionist's instruction is one of the major challenge in refracting a child. The younger the child, the less likely to comply in refraction and vice versa. What do I do?
After eliciting visual acuity information from the child, case history from the child and parent, I do a dark room objective refraction on the child looking out for induced accomodation by the light of my retinoscope. I start with the right eye and end up with the left eye. I almost always follow it up with a wet refraction and my drug of choice is Gutt: Mydracyl 1% ii ou for like 10 minutes. After my wet refraction, I compare my dry & wet refraction under the spectrum of the child's chief complaint and make my final "Doctor's" judgement.
I do not normally give oblique angles for children with such manifest refractions except in situations where there are obvious reasons to prescribe it. I approximate to the nearest 180 degree or 90 degree cylinders! I find it very skeptical fully correcting a child, but I do devout lots of interest in doing followup refractions every 3-6 months to monitor obvious refractive changes! I can even give a child of nine months glasses but I never forget that the vision in a child's eye is dynamic... it changes with time.
Thanks,
Dr Ezebuiroh Victor Okwudiri


Note: We do not have any financial consideration attached this article.

Cataract, its treatment & the role of Optometry in Nigeria 4

Optom
Cataract is a condition of the crystalline lens that renders it opaque. Opaqueness of the crystalline lens is subjectively interpreted as loss of visual acuity or functional vision loss measurable by missing of letters on the visual acuity chart. The aim of treating cataract disease non-surgically, as I discussed in the previous part of this blog, was to reduce or remove or manage deterioration of vision in early cataract disease. When neither drugs or glasses are no longer helpful in managing vision deterioration secondary to cataract disease, cataract surgery becomes the final management option. There is almost a total (100%) recovery of visual functions in a 'normal' eye after undergoing a cataract extraction surgery. The surgical options like the Extra-capsular cataract extraction (ECCE) or Intra-capsular cataract extraction (ICCE) or the more recent small incision cataract surgery (SICs) or the Phaco-emulsification cataract surgery methods are available to the cataract surgeon.
Before the Nigerian Optometrists refer patients for surgery, its very important to pay attention to the following:
1) The patient's vision has reduced to @least 6/24 & becomes incapable of functioning normally for activities of daily living.
2) The patient is at risk of inducing diseases like glaucoma as a result of the cataract.
3) The patient has only one functional eye and @ the same time the eye is cataractous.
4) The patient has a comobid condition like a retinopathy and cataract in, say, diabetes. or
5) The patient is in 'good' health condition. (People with Diabetes, Hypertension, Cardiac arrest etc are very risky to perform the cataract surgery, unless when they are in very stable conditions as ascertained by their general physician).
6) The patient must be willing to do the surgery.
7) Who is the performing Ophthalmologist?
8) What drugs are the individual on e.g. Anticoagulants, anti-platelets, systemic alpha-1a antagonists, ophthalmic and systemic steroids etc?
9) Did you discuss the likely outcomes of the surgery with the patient?
It should be known that the knowledge of the performing surgeon by the refering Optometrists build confidence in the patient and in the refering Optometrist. Its the ethical goal of the Nigerian Optometrist to restore eye sight of its patients including making the proper refferal for ocular surgery procedures.
We are therefore calling on the Nigerian Ophthalmologists to give us informations on how to access their colleagues & let them come together with Optometric representatives to discuss bilaterally with the aim of finding a common ground in cataract surgery management & in post-surgical management of this crystalline lens disease. If such relationship is officially established cataract surgery rate will rise...so too will reduced post-cataract complications!
The role of Nigerian Optometrist in eyecare service provision is indisputable; same too can be said of the high prevalence of cataract in Nigeria & in the world. If there could be a flexible relationship between the Ophthalmologists and the Optometrist as it affects management of cataract patients. We all have a stake in this. Post surgical prognosis is partly dependent on surgical procedure, patients general health condition, how 'good' the surgery was; & partly on co-management by an Optometrist.
Note that after seven(7) days post cataract extraction surgery the chances of developing endophthalmitis reduces exponentially. A stable refraction on a post cataract eye is partly dependent on prognosis following cataract extraction & partly dependent on time, in 3 weeks to 4 weeks after surgery refraction is usually stable. Management of comorbid conditions are managed appropiately after surgery wound has healed. Children less than 5 years are very difficult to implant IOLs, even if it becomes implanted, they still need to wear bifocals since IOL do not induce accomodation. Slit Lamp is very important during post cataract surgical care. Always ensure that IOP is measured in an eye following catarct surgery. Comorbid conditions like amblyopia, maculopathies, Retinopathies, Glaucomas, Uveitis etc should be managed after cataract extraction. 80-90 % of normal cataract eyes that undergo surgery have successful prognosis.
That said, Optometrists managing post cataract surgery patients should look out for:
a) Conjunctival hyperemia, subconjunctival injection, cilliary injections around the limbus.
b) Profuse discharge exceeding 7 days after surgery.
c) Continous ocular hypotension or persistant ocular hypertension.
d) Uveitis or Keratitis or Episcleritis or scleritis.
e) Associated photophobia exceeding 3 weeks to 1 month following surgery.
f) Chronic Epiphora following surgery.
g) Itching in the eye.
h) Visual acuity improvement following surgery.
i) Bleb healing.
j) Any complaint from the patient leading to reduced functional vision.
Finally, there are about 17 million persons with cataracts and unless a very good working relationship is built amongs the eye care experts (The Ophthalmologists & the Optometrists) we might not be able to reduce or eliminate the epidemic of functional blindness this disease would cause in the coming years! Shadow boxing is a mere waste of valuable time. Every day someone somewhere becomes blind. We might lose the fight if we do nothing. We can still plant a tree now, though we would have had a tree today if we had planted it 20 years ago! We still can.
Concluded...

Dr Ezebuiroh Okwudiri Victor.

Can cerebrospinal fluid pressure influence optic nerve head neuropathy in glaucoma?2

Optom
In my last blog on this topic, I presented cerebrospinal fluid pressure as a factor of Normal Tension Glaucoma. This could explain the reason behind the seemingly 'low' to 'normal' IOP is this group of Open angle glaucoma types. But does it totally explain the optic nerve head neuropathy?
Optic nerve head neuropathy is a function of optic nerve fibre deaths otherwise known as optic nerve fibre apoptosis. What is responsible for optic nerve fibre apoptosis in NTG? It is true that the translaminar pressure gradient on the lamina cribosa skews it posteriorly, distorting it & oftentimes disrupting its normal physiological function. It could be theorized that @ this point the optic nerve fibres start degenerating, dying off & replaced by the neuropathy @ the disk head! Two types of gene mutations is said to be associated with glaucomatous optic nerve head neuropathy- Optoneurin mutation on gene OPTN & Myocilin/trabecular meshwork glucocorticoid inducible response mutation.
Optoneurin is a coiled protein that was first identified for its anti-apoptotic activity against a genetic strain of adenovirus protein (E3-14.7K). Tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) stimulates the activities of Optoneurin. Optoneurin protein plays a neuro-protective role in the eyes where it is found in the retina, the non-pigmentent cilliary epithelium, the optic nerve head, the lamina cribosa and in the trabecular meshwork. It is also known for its ability to interact with tranferrin via the transferrin receptors which influences the axiomatic flow of optic nerve fibres. Over-espression of optoneurin can induce the formation of a mutant type of optoneurin that has been shown to cause retinal ganglion cell apoptosis, the E50K.
E50K mutant is a variant of Optoneurin protein that is known to stimulate cell apoptosis using Tumour Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-alpha) as a catalyst, just like in the normal optoneurin response. Hence instead of performing its intended anti-apoptotic function, E50K has been found to stimulate retinal ganglion cell degeneration in the retina & in the optic nerve head consistant with glaucomatous optic nerve neuropathy. Again, the secretion of TNF-alpha in the retinal area is achieved over-time by stimulated ischaemia of the optic nerve vessels & elevated hydrostatic (a.k.a. translaminar) pressure in return this causes the cellular 'insult' that will produce more mutant Optoneurin in a viscious cycle of retinal ganglion cell deaths beginning from the periphery to the optic nerve head. Also the mutant E50K often interferes with the 'normal' interaction of the Optoneurin with tranferrin which influences axiomatic flow in the optic nerve fibres. E50K "dumps" the tranferrin which consequently alters axiomatic flow & hence apoptosis of nerve cell fibres if the altered axiomatic flow is not 'repaired'. About 17% cases of Normal Tension Glaucoma (NTG) patients are reported to show increased presence of mutant Optoneurin, E50K.
Myocilin, Trabecular meshwork inducible glucocorticiod response (TIGR), is a protein which in human is encoded by the MYOC gene. The MYOC gene is known to have a signal sequence, albeit not functional, that directs proteins to the peroxisomes degradation. The actual function of Myocilin protein in the trabecular meshwork, in the retina, in the optic nerve head, in the lamina cribosa, in the cornea.. in almost all structures in of eye, is unknown. But it has been found to abound in about 36% of children suffering from Juvenile onset open angle glaucoma shows over-expression of MYOC/TIGR mutant gene. 4.6% of those with adult onset open angle glaucoma, with or without high IOP, had shown increased expression of the mutant MYOC. This mutant MYOC/TIGR is theorized to use its functional signaling sequence (in normal MYOC gene the signal sequence is not functional) to direct degradation of cell protein & hence subsequently cell degradation in the lamina cribosa & in the optic nerve fibres. Mutant MYOC/TIGR to cause neuropathy by cell protein degradation via peroxisome pathway.
Ishaemia of the optic nerve blood vessels, translaminar pressure of the eye, hereditory, prolonged use of topical dexmethasones, traumatic insults, inflamation of the optic nerve head etc are likely triggers that can cause mutations of both Optoneurin protein & the myocilin protein which are shown to be precursors to glaucomatous changes in the optic nerve head. I therefore agree that optic nerve head neuropathy in NTG is a physiological issue that manifests anatomically even in the absence of high intra-ocular pressure.
Thanks,
Dr Ezebuiroh Victor Okwudiri.

Note: There is no financial interest in this publication. thanks.

Can Cerebrospinal fluid pressure influence Optic nerve head neuropathy in Normal Tension Glaucoma?

Optom
Normal Tension Glaucoma is a type of Glaucoma without the common classical sign of Glaucoma pathogenesis- increased intraocular pressure (IOP). Increase in the pressure within the eyeball is the single most important factor that could indicate Glaucoma but it often times not enough to predict all types of Glaucomas. In Normal Tension Glaucoma, Optic nerve head neuropathy is the single most important sign of a pathology. The intraocular pressure (IOP) looks 'normal' but other signs like the dilation of the pupil & its apparent inability to react to light or acccomodation can be appreciated, especially when the disease has stayed for sometime...
Then comes the almighty question, why does the pupil becomes fixed & dilated when there is no 'high' IOP which should have compressed the Edinger Welpher pathway? Or how does the lamina cribosa death and optic nerve fibre appoptosis becomes possible in the presence of what appears to be 'normal' pressure?
Lets take a tour! The Optic nerve head tranverses through the the Optic disk via the lamina cribosa & terminates at the Optic chiasm. The lamina cribosa is the weakest portion of the sclera located at the posterior pole of the eyeball and perforated by the many fibres of the optic nerve. The optic nerve fibres @ this point (Optic disk area) is loosely attached to each other because of the absence of the cells of Muller. The weakness of the lamina cribosa area and the absence of the Muller cells in this position makes the optic disk head very vulnerable to inflamation and changes in pressure through the optic and neural pathways! The IOP of the eye is actually the pressure difference between the cornea and the atmospheric pressure. It is known as the transcorneal pressure. On the other hand, the pressure in the cranium and in the spinal cord is known as intracranial pressure (ICP). The later is a pressure difference between the atmosphere and the cranial compartments- the cranium and the vertebra.
Aqueous humor and the cerebrospinal fluid both similar in origin (a filtration substance) determines the IOP and ICP respectively. IOP should always be slightly higher than the ICP hence giving the optic disk head its classical depression. There is a homostatic arrengement as felt on the lamina cribosa and it is known as translaminar pressure, a pressure difference between the eyeball and the cranium and the spinal cord. Translaminar pressure has been attributed as the single most important phenomenon that discribes the stetching and subsequent atrophy of the lamina cribosa.
Translaminar pressure as felt on the lamina cribosa is calculated as (IOP-ICP). If the ICP is higher than the IOP a pseudo-tumor celebri or papilloedema or papillitis results. On the other hand, a very high IOP & low ICP results in Glaucomatous changes. It is attributed that the so called 'normal' tension glaucoma is as a result of the cushioning effect of the ICP on the lamina cribosa. The apparently 'high' IOP is cushioned by a not-too-low ICP causing a strain on the lamina cribosa to the point of nerve fibre cell apoptosis.
The average IOP is 16mmHg while the average ICP is 12mmHg, hence giving us a 4mmHg difference on the lamina cribosa. This gives the optic disk head a depression equivalent to the tranlaminar pressure difference of 4mmHg.
Even though glaucoma is not fully understood, I believe that ICP plays a role in normal tension glaucoma. It therefore becomes important to put such in consideration in diagnosis and management of this single most important silent thief of sight!
Thanks,
Dr Victor Ezebuiroh.
N/B: This article draws no financial interest anywhere.

Cataract, its treatment and the role of Optometry in Nigeria 3

Optom
Continuing, it is important to know the impact of cataract to the general population. Cataract functionally causes blindness in its final stages. About 17 million persons are blind from cataract only.
 In its early stage, especially when it affects one eye alone, the individual is almost symptomless. After sometime, depending on the causal agent and/or inducing agents, symptoms like photophobia, anisometropias, diplopia, secondary redness of the ipsilateral eyes, epiphora, itching, increased glare sensitivity etc could make the patient seek for medical attention. Most Optometrists in Nigeria become the first healthcare expert consulted. In later stages, other symptoms that are sight threatening starts showing up. Like secondary closed angle glaucoma, reduced vision on the ipsilateral eye with implications such as amblyopia in children etc; uveitis as the cataract intaracts with the iris and ciliary bodies etc. The last stage of such cataract, as I reinterated before, is functional and/or absolute blindness depending on the presence of conditions like induced glaucomas, secondary uveitis and bad surgery and/or followup.
Cataract becomes a bigger burden when it is bilateral. The symptoms show earlier and visual handicap is more obvious. It tends to affect activities of daily living among patients and renders individuals vulnerable. The most important symptom in this form of cataract is reduced bilateral vision especially at far. The use of glass correction is desirable at this early stage. Patients become sensitive to glare, and contrast sensitivty is said to be affected too. This patient is worried and wants to remove the source of discomforts in the eyes which includes itching, epiphora, sandy sansation etc. Bilateral cataract is very common in malnourished children, in Diabetics or in individuals taking very high doses of steroids for a long time or people exposed to very high radiations absorbed by the crystalline lens.
 Visual challenges posed by bilateral cataract is severe and sudden, not to mention the effect of colour vision challenges and seeing haloes around light that accompanies cataract development! Medical care is seeked earlier than in the case of monocular cataract.What does the Optometrist do? Since this individual had variously visited the chemist drugstores and/or the unorthodox medicine practitioner without any lasting solution, we can imagine what such individual's expectations would be. It becomes imparative for the Optometrist to run an extensive eye examination. First, do monocular and binocular visual acuity examination at far and at near. This should be followed by objective refraction using either a Retinoscope or using an auto-refractor.  After the refraction, patients are expected to be subjected to subjective refraction to ascertain whether glasses can reduce the induced blur. Then a suitable tonometer is used to check for induced increased intraocular pressure in the eye(s) with the cataract. Unless in eyes with associated Glaucoma, Optometric practioners are adviced to dilate the cataractous eyes with a dilating agent to access the extent of the cataract development.
One thing should remain obvious to the primary eye care practitioner- the patient's expectations! It is therefore important to have an open communication with your patient. Discuss surgery as the last option. Use glasses and drugs to try reduce blur, especially in its early stages. Use tints or photochromic lenses to manage glare, photophobia and effect of illumination. Reduce or remove symptoms like epiphora, itching and diplopia while encouraging patient to be coming for check-ups till cataract becomes ready for extraction. Meanwhile, the Optometrist should initiate a contact with a cataract surgeon as it regards this patient. The patient's medical records should be reviewed by the surgeon and an appointment is sheduled when appropiate. If the cataract is either drug induced or pathology related, a general practitioner or the personal Doctor of the patient is expected to play a significant role in managing such patients. Medical reports from the various healthcare practitioners should be made available and documented, as much as possible!
It is the role of the practitioner to know how desireous of surgery the patient is or should be. The rule of the thumb is that eyecare practitioner should never push a patient for surgery, except in children under 9 years or in traumatic cataract or the very hyper-mature cataract whose complications far outweighs post-surgical complications!
Drugs like N-Acetyl carnosine is reported all over the internet health world to be able to disolve cataract, others like Pirenoxine (Catalin), Potassium & Sodium Iodide combination (Vitrolent) are used to manage early cataract. It becomes imparative for the Optometrist to know which of the ophthalmic agents will be good for the patient and use it!
I will discuss Cataract surgery in my subsequent blog... Meanwhile, Happy new year readers!

Dr Okwudiri Victor Ezebuiroh

Note: This blog does not have any financial interest anywhere!

Cataract, its treatment and the role of Optometry in Nigeria 2

Optom
We discussed the crystalline lens extensively in a previous blog. It is important to discuss how cataract is developed in this avascular structure.
As I said earlier, Cataract is a clouding of the crystalline lens with a resultant reduction in subjective visual output! This clouding phenomenon undermines the transparent mechanism of the crystalline lens. Such factors ensure lens transparency and they include a) Avascularity of the lens materials, b) Tightly packed lens cell fibres, 3) The structural arrengements of lens cell proteins, 4) Semi-permeable nature of the lens cell capsule, 5) Active transport mechanism of the lens cell fibres, 5)Auto-oxidation and high concentration of reduced gluthatione in lens cells and, 6) coluration of the crystalline lens including other factors.
To fully understand pathogenesis of cataract formation, it becomes important to shed light on some factors that disrupts lens transparency.
For instance the primary reson the crystalline lens is avascular is to enable the structure transmit light without shadows or haloes that vascularity of structures often promote. Again, it is histologically documented that lens cell fibres are arrenged in a lattice three-dimensional way to reduce any interferance with light refraction though this medium. Also it should be noted that the tightly packed lens cell fibres especially as we approach the lens nucleus is apparently meant to reduce hydration of the lens cell fibres. Any disruption in this state of homeostasis triggers an apparent denaturing of lens protein, consequent upon which lens clouding ensues. What could disrupt this homeostasis relationship? Injury could. Aging is another factor. Let us not forget diseases like Diabetes, also the effect of radiation like the infra-red ray wich is absorbed in the crystalline lens (this is a protective function of the crystalline lens which in turn filters the kind of light reaching the very sensitive retina!) etc.
Metabolism of the lens fibre uses osmotic differentials to keep hydration in check, while using active transport to maintain sodium, potassium and calcium levels in the crystalline lens. Gluthatione, in its reduced form. Active transport mechanism helps allow selected materials into the crystalline lens and push out others into the surrounding areas while maintaining a threshood 'tension' that regulates dehydration of the lens fibre cells. Diseases, trauma, age and genetic disruptions have reportedly altered the metabolic activities of the crystalline lens hence the formation of cataract.
It should be noted that as the lens grow old it does not shed its old materials, it rather pushes them to the middle and associated wear and tear phenomenon of the lens makes the lens change from transparent to a graying shift. The later, including disruption in protein synthesis with age in some persons, is generally responsible for geriatric kind of cataract!
Commonly among the children is congenitial or genetic-induced cataract. Diseases among the parents prior to delivery could cause this. It could also be a result of food habit amongs the pregnant women. Exposure harmful rays in pregnant women or the use of drugs among these group has been implicated in the formation of congenital cataract!
There are about 17 million persons living with cataract all over the world and 75% are in Asia and Africa!
The most common type of cataract is geriatric cataract. Other types of cataract are not uncommon. In the youths and children the most common cause of cataract is genetic disruptions and trauma. Among a large swath of outdoor workers, radiation cataract is very common either through synthetic toxic materials or as a result of unhindered absorption of infra-red rich light common in hot regions.
Thanks... To be continued!

 A catactous eye as seen under biomicroscope view courtesy of Karl

(http://lasereyesurger-y.com/cataract-eye)   

Dr Okwudiri Ezebuiroh.

This blog does not draw any financial interest anywhere. Thanks.

Cataract, its treatment and the role of Optometry in Nigeria 1

Optom
Cataract is a condition of the crystalline lens which leads to its (crystaline len's) opacification. The crystalline lense is an avascular and transparent structure which consists of the lens capsule, the lens epithelium, the lens fibre- the nucleus and the peripheral cortex. The crystalline lens is situated behind the iris but lies anterior to the vitreous chamber and the retina.
The lens capsule is the thin, transparent hyaline membrane that surrounds the crystalline lens. It is rich in elastins and collagen. It also contains phospholipids in the form of glycosaminoglycans, a substance the provides connective tissue-like reinforcement to the lens capsule. The cilliary body attaches zonules projecting from the lens capsule known as suspensory ligaments.
 The lens epithelium is a basal membrane that is situated in the anterior portion of the lens. It is made up of single layer of cubiodal cells with active mitosis taking place throughout life. The older lens fibre produced are pushed to the middle where it forms the nucleus and the outer surface forms the peripheral cortex. The lens fibre, it should be noted, consists of the main mass of the lens material. The fibres are formed by the multiplication and differentiation of the lens epithelial cells. The posterior portion of the lens has no epithelium.
The crystalline lens is composed of chiefly of crystallins. Crystallins are transparent proteins that gives the crystallines its transparency including the parallel arrengement of lens cell materials. Crystallins commonly found in the human is alpha-, beta- & gamma-crystallins and it composes of about 90% of the total lens protein. The crystalline lens is bathed anteriorly by the more active aqueous humor, while the less active vitreous humor bathes posterior aspect of the crystalline lens. Any loss of transperency of the lens results to cataract.
Cataract causes functional blindness to the individual.
To be continued...

                                          Fig 1. An African Woman with OD mature cataract.
Dr Ezebuiroh Victor Okwudiri.

Allergic conjunctivities in Clinical Optometry!

Optom
Wow its been  long time folks and friends. Sorry for the long absense. Thanks goodness, the world is a little bit better with such persons like Ghaddaffi, Sadam Hussain, Osama bin Laden etc gone... It is also heart warming to know that the referendum for South Sudan became a reality! The Arab spring is still spewing out more loosers e.g. in Yemen but life still goes on.
Without dwelling much on frivolities lets get blogging...
As the name implies, Allergic conjunctivities is a group of allergic conditions of the conjunctiva that is triggered when mast cells laden with IgE comes in contact with an allergen (antigen) and an antibody/antigen complex reaction is formed. Mast cell contains unreleased histmine. When a mast cell laden with IgE cross-links an antigen after been primed  by Beta-chemokines (a type of cytokines that actively involves in chemotaxis!) they (the mast cells) release histamine and a host other active intermediaries. These intermediaries are prostalglandin-G, Serotonin, leukotrienes, platlet activating factor and cytokines that further lead to priminig of more mast cells to repeat the circle. The T cells too play a role in the activation and degranulation process of mast cells. T cells contributes the specific IgE for a given mast cell. The release of these substances results in ocular itching, conjunctval and lid edema, formation of mucus (the string-like type of mucus common in allergic conjunctivitis).
In situations where the allergen becomes perennial, the cytokines in the viscious circle of mast cell degranulations will also attract Basophils and recruit tissue damaging body immune substances like T cells, macrophages, neutrophils & eosinopils. These immune substances form a complex pathway to the resulting tissue damage and deeper allergic reactions like papillae formations on the conjunctiva,sinusitis, rhinitis, tinitus etc
Apart from an allergen or injury causing degranulation of mast cells, it has been reported that a particular amount of stress can activate the mast cells even in the absense of IgE , especially those in the cerebrum! The complex mechanism, it is said, leads to mast cell reactions even in the absense of an allergen! (Theoharis C.T., David E.C. [2003]). Hypothetically it could explain why some refractive or binocular difficulties in the eye can trigger ocular itching!
From the foregoing discussion, it can be understood that allergic conjunctivitis is an immuno- sensitization degenerative condition of the outer 1/6 of the eye. It is very difficult to manage and usually it is self-limiting after a period of time. Lets discuss some ways to manage this condition.
First this condition causes vasodilation of conjunctival blood vessels. Histamine is responsible for this dilation of conjuntival blood vessels. One method to arrest this sign is by using steroids as vasoconstrictors. It is used as a short-term remedy. In the long run, it is important to combine it with an anti-histamine like gutt: spercellerg and/or tablets like tab: chlorophetamine while tappering the steroids. Anti-histamines tend to influence the effect of the elaborated histamines from the degranulated mast cells. Other class of drugs that could play an active role in combating this allergy includes Sodium cromoglycates, lodoxamide, nedocromil are known as mast cell stabilizers. They function by inhibiting the calcium ions that triggers the elaboration of histamine onto the tissue. They are the most effective therapy for this allergic condition. Other non medical mesures includes using cold compresses, wearing shades when outdoors and proper ventillation.
The main objective of treatment is the removal of the allergen which could be dust, smoke,pollen grains from flower, chemicals, paints, lots of exogenous substances that might come in contact with the eye. It should be put in mind to remove any form of refractive stress or binocular stress that might accompany the eye. Please ensure you discuss ocular hygiene with your patient.
Different types of allergic conjunctivitis will be discussed subsequently and specific measures to contain them will be enumerated. Thanks
Dr Ezebuiroh Victor Okwudiri.

Vitamin A Deficiency & Childhood blindness

Optom
Vitamin A Deficiency in children is the lack of Vitamin A in their body to a point of creating functional changes & creating disease conditions in their human system.
Vitamin A deficiency, though it can affect adults, results in horrific ocular & immunologic consequences especially in children. It is both a precursor to measles & aggrevated by measles! It causes corneal blindness in children, especially those in developing countries like Africa & Asia.
Other ocular implications include Xerophthalmia (secondary to reduced presence & influence of meibomian gland & other secretory apparatus in the eyes), then chronic corneal ulceration followed by Keratomalasia & subsequent anterior Staphyloma. Night blindness, or Nyctalopia is usually the first implication of this condition. In Vitamin A deficiency, it involves the inability of the Rhodopsin to be ibe formed because Vitamin A which is the primary source of retinal (a Vitamin A precursor for Rhodopsin formation with the contributions of light sensitive opsin proteins! Nyctalopia can also be caused by a genetic condition known as Retinitis Pigmentosa, or could be attributed to genetic deficiency of the rods to function beyond threshhold but does not progress like the Retinitis Pigmentosa. This later condition is known as X-link congenital Stationary Night blindness.
  Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) in children and pregnant women causes a weakness of the human immune system and has hence become implicated in low body defence response to diseases like measles & also to other bacterial infections, not common in healthy individuals! VAD affects 1 in every 3 children as at 2008! It is reported that between 250,000-500,000 children become blind annually as a result of VAD and half of these children die within 1 year of becoming blind. With the combined help of World Health Organization, United States Agency for International Development, Canadian International Developmental Agency and Micronutrient initiative under the umbrella of Vitamin A Global Initiative has been able to avert about 1.25 million deaths in about 40 countries since 1998! The year 2010 was put forward as the year VAD should be eliminated in the general population, but we are yet to see the end of this child-killer disease!
 In Nigeria, Xerophthalmia was estimated to be 1.1 % prevalent in the children population and 7% have VAD (Ajayeoba A.I., 2001). Xerophthalmia describes the ocular manifestations of VAD. It is estimated, by projection, that about 1 million children are affected by VAD and about 100,000 could have an eye involvement (Xerophthalmia) and 50,000 may go blind while 25,000 children are estimated to die annually (Sommers, 1995). This condition is more prevalent in the northwest but least prevalent in the southeast! I think dietary differences play a role here and such findings should be varified by Optometric study nationally!
Treating VAD is done using Vitamin A supplementation therapy and managing the systemic effect like Diarrhea, Measles etc. If there is any ocular effect, it is most appropiate to manage the Xerophthalmia in its early stages when the cornea is not affected! It is best treated with Ocular lubricants, while such conditions like corneal ulceration is best managed with non steroidal anti inflamatory agents like Diclofenac Sodium, others includes topical antibiotic agents like Ciprofloxacin and chloramphenicol ointment! Look out for any corneal involvement in any reported case VAD! It could save that child's sight! It is very appropiate to educate pregnant women and lactating mothers on the need to avoid getting VAD. In these group of people, bilateral blindness could result! Treat them in conjunction with their Gynacologists/Obestricians. Their kind of blindness is retinal in nature!
VAD is a public health issue and Optometrists are adviced to contribute to eliminating this condition! Lets make the future of our children stress free because they are the leaders of tommorrow! Lets make vision 2020 a reality. I know we can. Happy December and Christmas in advance!

Ophthalmia Neonatorum and childhood blindness!

Optom
In our quest to fight against childhood blindness, I decided to start discussing some common causes of childhood blindness. Ophthalmia Neonatorum refers to any bilateral infection of the eyes of a child of less than one month old! Inshort, if your kid/ward of less than one week tears profusely, suspect ophthalmia neonatorum! Also suspect it when the child's eyeslids are swollen, shut and often smeared with mucous discharge especially produced by Neisseria Gonorrhoae as the infecting agent.
Other organisms too can cause Ophthalmia neonatorum. They include other bacterias like Staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus Pneumonia, Streptococcus haemolyticus; Serotypes D & K of Chlamydia Trachomatis; Chemicals used as prophylasis, Herpes Simplex virus etc But the Gonorraoeae type is the most complicating!
The eventual complication of Ophthalmia neonatorum is a form of corneal blindness that starts with corneal ulcer which then progresses to anterior staphyloma secondary to the opacification that the corneal ulcer precipitated.

This condition is often arrested by using a prophylasis like Silver Nitrate 1% in Crede's Method or the use of antibiotics like Erythromycin 0.5% or Tetracycline 1% drops one or two hours after birth of especially @ risk children. It should be noted that a pregnant woman an STD infection stands a very high chance of giving birth to a child with Ophthalmia neonatorum. Again, if there was injury to the child in the his or her eyes during delivery. The child could be infected in the womb or during delivery or after delivery! The most common infection comes during delivery. While Gonorrrhoeae type of the infection is reducing drastically globally, its a very common cause of Ophthalmia neonatorum in African children; while the Chlamydia type is the most common cause of this disease in children in developed economies! The onset of infection varies from infecting organisms from a matter of hours to days! But the end result, if not treated on time, is corneal blindness in these children. So beware.
While the best way to manage this disease is by either prevention, where the @risk mother is treated of any STDs and/or the child is treated prophylactically; some situations where the infection has become clinical requires a vigorous use of anti-biotics to manage after a microbial swab test has isolated the infecting organism (it should be noted that cemical induced Ophthalmia neonatorum is a self limiting condition, but do not relent to seek medical advice. It could save the eye of that child!).
An intensive use of broad spectrum antibiotic ophthalmic solution and ointment is very important. Check for any keratitis and manage it immediatly (The corneal involvement is usually very dangerous, blindness could occur in a matter of days!). Ocassionally systemic injections or tablets of broad spectrum antibiotics has proven to help in management of this condition!
In Vision 2020-right to sight, Ophthalmia neonatorum is a major issue in childhood blindness which has recieved an international attention. We ask Optometrists to be in the fore-front of tackling this menancing condition especially in Africa. We ask for a program that'll involve us educating mid-wives and gynacologists on the need for prophylasis in the new born child. We should also remind traditional mid-wives on the need for this eye-saving prophylasis! Vitamin A deficiency, Ophthalmia neonatorum and Measles in children are the main cause of corneal blindness and especially in developing countries like ours. This type of blindness in irreversible, but could be tackled after going through this article! We can give this children a sense of belonging by saving them from a live time of blindness and poverty! I will discuss Vitamin A deficiency as a cause of corneal blindness in my next article!
Great Optometry!
Great!
To be continued...
Dr Ezebuiroh Victor Okwudiri.

The month of May, Childhood blindness and the role of the Optometrist!

OptomWow! Its just like yesterday, the month of May, the month just gone by filled with intrigues, drama, war, stagnated 'peace processes', the Arab spring, increased Taliban insurgency, the killing of Osama bin Laden, the Memorial day in the United States of America and our own Children's Day (May 27th!); the pomp that accompanied that day all over the country, the joy on the faces of the children who matched, the pride of seeing our children march, salute and the stone-like expression on the faces of our executives who mounted the podium to observe the gallant leaders of tomorrow doing what they know best! In these children I saw our future. In these kids I saw the hope of continuity. They're the best stage of humanity. I thank God for these children. God bless Nigeria.But who is a child?UNICEF defined a child as anyone who is 16 years or less. These children are the most precious resource of families. They represent the family's future and their hopes. It should be noted that a blind child is a tragedy for his family and the society @ large. A child whose blindness could have been prevented or cured is even a great disaster.Childhood blindness is a collections of diseases or other factors like genetics and environmental influence that can definitively lead to blindness of the child. On its own, blindness is a visual acuity of  less than 3/60 on the better seeing eye.While we watched our children march on May 27th, Children's Day, it might interest you to know that there are estimated 500,000 new cases of childhood blindness per year and approximately 50% of these children die between 1-2 years of life! Definitely childhood blindness increases the mortality rates of children of under 5 years. This is worth giving serious attention because, 57% of all childhood blindness is unavoidable (i.e. cannot be cured!). 47% of childhood blindness could either be preventable (about 28%) through improved primary health care services, especially prenatal care for women. While the remaining 15% could be treated through improved Primary eye care services (the Primary eye care Optometrists etc) and specialized surgical eye care and low vision services.
Curiously, childhood blindness is reportedly the second largest cause of blind person years after cataract! It contributes approximately 70 million blind person years globally! This means that a child who is either born blind or someone who becomes blind @ childhood is expected to live 50 years approximately blind and hence contributing a very huge burden to the family, the society and to the individual too! I believe this calls for urgency in tackling childhood blindness by the Optometrists and other eye health professionals!
Economically, blindness in general has been documented to cost communities billionns of dollars in lost productivity, in caring for the blind person, in rehabilitation of the blind person & for special education. Childhood blindness is believed to gulp 1/3 of the total economic cost! For instance, in Africa & Asia that accommodates about 75 percent of blindness & approximately same percentage of blind children, 0.5 percent GDP is lost to blindness in general population with childhood blindness taking 0.16 percent of GDP approximately! This is very baffling & calls for serious looking into!
1.4 million children are said to be blind globally, Africa & Asia accommodates about 75 percent of these children! The prevalence of blindness in developed economies (childhood blindness is said to correlate with economic status of any given region!) is 0.3/1000 persons, while in under-developed economies is as high as 1.5/1000 persons! It should interest us to know that for every blind child, three children have serious vision impairments and 13 children needs glasses!
Finally, the following have been pencilled down as the most common causes of childhood blindness & will require more elaboration in subsequent blogs-
1) Corneal scarring secondary to measles & Vit A deficiencies
2) Ophthalmia neonatorum
3) Retinal diseases
4) Central nervous system lesions
5)Hereditory & Genetic diseases etc
I will be discussing each conditions in details subsequently! Thanks for your readership! Your comments will be highly appreciated! Sorry ones again for the delay in releasing this piece, I found myself in an unusual tarrain but thank goodness that I was able to meander through it!
To be continued...
Dr Victor Okwudiri Ezebuiroh.

Why do I have photophobia?

Optom
Photophobia is an involuntary reaction of the eyes when it comes in contact with light, either the natural sunlight or the artificial light from either our bulb or car light; and it is often accompanied with discomforts such as deep piercing ocular pains in the eyeball, associated eyebrow headaches, hyperemia of the conjunctiva, mild to severe blespherospasm etc or sometimes it might present with much milder like slight sandy sensation, but nonetheless ones visual acuity (the extent one sees in open space) is often compromised as a result.
Photophobia could be as a result of active pathology of the eye, it could be as a result of Physiological state of the pupils and the iris pigment or it could affect the individual as a result of error of refraction.
In any active inflammation of the eyes, the iris, which is the most vascularised part of the anterior eye, often responds to postalglandins and other immuno-inflammatory substances present in these area of the eyes. The resultant effect is a breakdown of the blood barrier provided by the iris epithelium with a consequent movement of fluid into the iris spaces and the fluid-logged iris responds to light very sluggishly, rubbing each other in the process, and with am effort too. The pain receptor of the eyes are activated in this situation. Hence, the photophobia experienced in that condition.
When the pupil of the eyes is very large, the extent of contraction under a very bright illumination and/or in an unfavorable glare situation, the pupils often fail to contract enough to allow 'optimum' illumination get into the retina. The individual involuntarily keeps his/her face frowned to cut off the 'excess' light entering the eye and the result is ocular discomfort, pseudo-spasm of the eyebrow and consequently a physiological photophobia ensues. Again, iris with little or no pigment, as seen in light-skinned or Albinos, often exhibits photophobia secondary to light scatter into the eyes. The iris pigments absorbs light from outside the eyes and inside hence reducing total internal reflection of light in the eyes. In absence of these pigments or when these pigments are minimal, total internal reflections, light scatter, enhanced glare sensation results in photophobia.
Photophobia can manifest when an individual is either myopic, hyperopic, astigmatic or anisometropic.  Apart from Myopia, the other cases are a consequence of an impaired relationship between accommodation-convergence mechanism of the eyes. The Myopes often have larger than normal pupils and this is an important reason why individuals with myopia exhibit photophobia! It should be remembered that myopes don't accommodate and the induced Amplitude of accommodation they acquire, seldom induces photophobia....
Pupillary sizes change with different levels accommodative changes. Somehow the involuntary 'spasm' that accompanies illumination and the associated change in the accommodative amplitude triggers a form of 'pain' especially if the induced accommodation is beyond the accommodative reserve of the subject, which is always the case in hyperopia, Astigmatism and Anisometropia.
Photophobia as a result of pathology can be relieved when the source of such pathology, e.g. when a patient with anterior uveitis and an associated photophobia has his/her uveitis treated with medications. Physiological Photophobia can only be managed with wearing dark sunshades, especially when outdoors or when exposed to bright light. While the later can be managed by restoring emmetropia with optical lenses that could either be tinted or that could possess be photochromic properties.
Finally, I will advice you with a symptom of photophobia to go and receive an Optometric eye care. This essential step can help you cope and manage with photophobia and the general use of dark sunshades is highly recommended! Don't let any form of photophobia disturb your visual comfort...its your right to enjoy comfortable vision... The Optometrist is your friend. Take care.
Dr Victor Ezebuiroh Okwudiri.

Routine Eye examination, Vision screening and saving the eye sight!

Optom
Most eye conditions are not emergency conditions and are often neglected, often times this becomes our worst undoing!
When Mr X walked into my eye clinic just to do a routine eye examination (he has never been to an eye clinic before and he has no observable symptom) unknown to him, he was going about with 0.6 excavated Optic nerve head bilaterally with his centralvision intact!
In another instance, as I was doing vision screening exercise for a group of volunteers, I saw one Mrs Y who has bilateral degeneration encroaching her macular and on further questioning it became known that she was a chronic diabetic patient (she has been diabetic for almost 12 years!).
A young fellow, A who's just 19 years and wants to be a pilot or a marine engineer did not know that the measles he had when he was 7 years has formed macular scar and drusen in both his eyes. The unfortunate thing is that he wont be able to achieve his dreams since he the condition is a progressive condition.
These are a few persons who do not have any unusual symptom related to vision handicap or any form of visual challenge prior to the eye test. In fact our meeting was out chance and not necessity! They might have been missed in the general population and the ensuring consequence relegated to superstition.
It is a national concern, or should be, that could help save people from unnecessary embarrassment if inculcated into our sub-consciousness- to have time @least ones in a year to visit an eye clinic! It is also welcoming if people would volunteer for eye tests whenever a vision screening program comes to your area, it does not matter if you have an eye problem or not! You could just save your sight by that singular act!
Your eyes are one of the most important organ in the human body. It cannot be replaced ones anything destroys it or makes it become blind! It becomes imperative to pay serious attention to it...We ask you to visit any Optometric or Ophthalmologist clinic in your area for a routine eye examination. Cos a stitch in time always saves nine!
Your eye no get duplicate! Protect it with a passion! You will be doing yourself, your family and the society great service by not becoming blind.

Blindness no dey show for face...it starts with your eyes and ends up affecting the whole society around you. Someone must stop school or work to look after you, your contributions to making the society a better place will be lost and instead you become a burden to yourself and to everyone! We have a role to play here. Do it wisely! Have a lovely week...
Dr Ezebuiroh Victor Okwudiri.

Routine Eye examination, Vision screening and saving the eye sight! Part 2

Optom
Most eye conditions are not emergency conditions and are often neglected, often times this becomes our worst undoing!Unlike conditions like hypertension, diabetes, Cardiovascular diseases, Accidents etc which often require an urgent need for medical attention; eye conditions that could lead to blindness don't often present with dramatically serious symptoms and hence it is not given much attention in relation to other health cases. But unfortunately, conditions that can cause blindness, eye diseases that are chronic and that has ability to reduce the patient to  visually challenged or visual handicap statue are capable of evading early dictation! Take for instance open angle Glaucoma or senile cataract! Do not forget too that conditions like Retinitis Pigmentosa etc are painless but sight threatening!
Routine eye examination involves  voluntary eye tests to ensure that there is no deviation in ocular anatomy and doing functional tests for the eyes to rule out any deviation in ocular physiology. Such tests like Visual Acuity, penlight examination of the pupils etc qualifies for functonal tests! In Routine eye examination, patient is not necessarily symptomatic. individuals are often enlightened and/or motivated to take care of his/her eyes! In routine examination, the following procedure of test batteries are performed! Patient is first required to complete a personal demographic data followed by question and answer session with the eye care specialist. In this process a case history file on the patient is developed and likely chief complaint (if there is any) is identified. The next step involves taking visual acuity @far and @ near followed by doing external examination either with a penlight, ophthalmoscope or with a slit lamp biomicroscope. The eyelid, the conjunctiva, the iris, the conjunctiva and pupillary reaction to light etc are checked and any loss of anatomic and/or physiologic integrity is noted. It is followed by doing an objective refraction either with a retinoscope or auto-refractors. There is need to do a subjective refraction, with or without significant change in visual acuity! The next step involves using the ophthalmoscope to view the posterior fundus of the eye. The aqueous humor, Optic nerve head, the retinal walls and vessels, the vitreous gel, the maculae area and the fovea centralis should be viewed and changes documented. I advocate for dilated fundus examination of atleast one eye except in situation where it could be contra-indicative, say, in closed angle glaucoma or patients with very narrow angle! In most cases, the batteries of tests could reveal subtle changes in the eyes that could be sight threatening! If needs be, I will also encourage further tests for differential diagnosis and confirmation of a particular pathology or defect! Such tests like Tangent screen tests, central visual field tests, intra ocular pressure checks, color vision tests, flouresin tests etc could come in handy to rule out disease conditions!
 On the other hand, Vision screening involves gross routine tests to rule out any visual anomaly. It is less complex than routine eye test and even much simpler than a thorough eye examination as performed in a clinic! You can screen for glaucoma in the adult population; you can screen for refractive error among school children; you can screen for hypertensive and/or diabetic retinopathy in patients having this chronic diseases! You can screen for cataract in the adult populations etc! It involves tests like visual acuity tests far and near. Confrontational tests. Shadow tests. Broad H tests etc It is usually carried out in public places but it is not unusual to have it in a clinic! Vision screening is very handy when parents are registering their children in school! it is very important when security men are conscripted or when a company is trying to employ new workers! Though some subtle changes in the eye might be missed, it is nontheless very necessary to identify sight threatening conditions in a group of people! In situation whereby the eyes are suspicious referal to appropiate eye care experts becomes important! A thorough eye examination would be carried out by the expert!
In Optometry practice both here in Nigeria and the world @ large, we are involved continously with patients and the public to nip eye disease condition in the bud! Being primary eye care providers, our practice requires us to encourage the general population to participate fully to screen, examine and/or thoroughly do eye tests to identify and manage eye conditions that might not necessarily be symptomatic but could be sight threatenig! I am encouraging colleagues and other eye care specialists to develop vision screening models, routine eye examination models and other specific examinations to alleviate the consequences of blindness! It is our ethical and moral responsibilities to ensure that blindness is avoided! Thank you.
Dr Ezebuiroh Victor Okwudiri.

optometry.naija: The Challenges militating against Optometry practi...

optometry.naija: The Challenges militating against Optometry practi...: "OptomNigerian Optometric practice is essential to effective eye care in Nigeria and no doubt about that...The challenges of eye care in Nige..."

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The Challenges militating against Optometry practice in Nigeria and effective participation in Vision2020 :Right to Sight. (An Updated version of the origina blog!)

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Nigerian Optometric practice is essential to effective eye care in Nigeria and no doubt about that...
The challenges of eye care in Nigeria with a population of about 150 million with just about 2130 registered Optometrists and I think with a fewer Ophthalmologists who draw strength from their parent body, The Nigerian Medical and Dental Association etc etc, are very enormous. The politico-academic position of the Optometrists is neither helping the matter nor is it alleviating the burden of blindness and visual handicap as envisioned by Vision 2020: Right to Sight!
As I have been saying all along, we need to position our practice, professionalize a Nigerian version of Optometry by empowering members to do researches and hence develop a statistical effect of blindness, causes of such blinding conditions, develop a model of practice, browbeat our professional heads (ODOBN & NOA) into growing some teeth, ensuring our state chapters of Nigerian Optometric Association is fully represented in state ministries of Health... I will advice that another professional body, primarily for Professional Optometrists, be formed. This body should oversee professional Practice among Optometrists in Practice, we can call it Nigerian Optometrist Society (N.O.S.). Unlike ODOBN & NOA, this professional body would require a written exam to become a member! The examination should discuss the scope of practice and developments in visual health and general eye care. Also the body should be conducting an online examination annually for professional Optometrists.
We need to develop our school curriculum to embrace contemporary realities... We are not opticians, need is rife to prove that we are Optometrists, that we are truly Primary eye care Practitioners. There is need to equip our Schools with newer technological advanced instruments and employ fully motivated professionals relating to the general scope of our practice. We should advocate for residency programs and ensure that fellowship courses are institutionalized. N.O.S. school chapters should be involved in eye researches for students and intern Optometrists and it should be funded by the school and the body @ the national level. There is also a serious need to enforce a gold standard both in education and practice of Optometry in Nigeria. We need to specialize and hence become consultants in a particular aspect of eye care, if we aim @ becoming heads of Departments. The later is a prerequisite to forming a Department of Optometry in Health care setting!
We need a stronger representation in Ministry of Health than mere having an office there alone. Optometry can generate more money than most Professional bodies under Federal Ministry of Health in Nigeria if properly packaged. All Optical services and resources should be supervised by Optometrists and dispensing Optician Board of Nigeria (O.D.O.B.N) and a fee should be charged for such services and payable to the coffers of the Ministry of Health! Including the funds generated from renewal of registrations, fees generated by N.O.S/ N.O.S.A (Nigerian Optometrists Society/ Nigerian Optometrist Students Association, if started!), fees generated by dispensing of lenses and other eye care services rendered by Optometrists in both federal and state owned hospitals (If more Optometrists are employed in Public health sector. Currently, they under-employed and under utilized in that sector!), funds generated from manufacturing of lenses both @ home and supervision of those imported into the country.
Finally, we should become fully independent of Ophthalmologists, especially in the area of competence development, professional growth and in practice...we should rather develop a complementary relationship in eye health care services with them. We need the Ministry of Health to wade into this chronic 'warfare' that has left eye care in the mercy of charlatans. The imbroglio between these two bodies is the most important factor that has reduced whatever the dreams of Vision 2020 both @ home and internationally...especially here in Nigeria. We are oppressed by them through that rebellious Decree 34 of 1989 which is very anti-Optometrist and should be totally over hauled and new clauses incorporated into it. Our academic chasm is so obvious that the Nigerian Optometrist is often academically intimidated into whatever name or role they wish us to play (they are the architectural design of O.D.O.B.N, like virus they replicate WHO we should be in practice & the last time I might remember, they don't bloody care about us, "@least the Ophthalmic nurse is there!". To achieve what 'Vision 2020 :Right to Sight' stands for, the current trend of Optometry practice should be updated by us, the constitution reviewed to change outdated clauses, develop a 'Nigerian Optometrist Society' to reposition Optometry professionally through research while ODOBN should supervise Optometry practice including resources and personel. NOA should be responsible both to the dispensing Opticians, Optometrists, Optometric technicians and other members in the eye health sector.
 I am not making any political nor sentimental contribution to the obvious discuss; am only stating the fact!
Take for instance the way unlicensed and even some licensed opticians invade people in their homes to make glasses for them, while @ the same time claiming to be healers of sight problems! They end up forcing many optometrists into the foray! What results? A desperate attempt to foist glasses and drugs on people without ethically considering our actions! We need to live up to our doctors status, most are self employed and cannot meet up financially with our peers employed by the state or federal government! There is no regulatory over sight mechanism in place by neither ODORBN nor NOA! They are two toothless bulldogs that cannot even bark...@ least not now; not yet! If am being biased in my opinion, why did Optometry in Nigeria not include its own clause in the recently passed National Health Bill? Why are state branches of NOA/ODORBN not fully assimilated into state ministry of healths just like NMA, Pharmasists, Lab scientists etc?
 Look @ this other scenario, an Ophthalmologist who seems to question our credibility in the field! Its always a thing of pride for them to undermine our efforts making it very easy for ophthalmic nurses and even cleaners in eye centres to atimes question our profession! I do not always blame them. Lets call a spade a spade, how many functional slit lamp biomicroscope do we have in Abia State university, school of Optometry now? Because as at 2006 there was no fully functional one in our clinic! How is Optometry learned in Madonna University? Is the school fully accredited to practice Optometry? Has the board visited the institution's school of Optometry for inspection? Credibility of some of our lecturers should be noted here too! In some instance, we often witness some of our lecturers who are not practicing! Optometry is a practical application of theoretical knowledge, I find it very improper for a lecturer not to have a practical knowedge of Optometry and still be allowed to lecture us! And many other sharp practices in our citadels of learning that go unhindered because no serious oversight by our regulatory bodies and absolute lack of "standards"!
It is a fact that a deep chasm exits between us and the Ophthalmologists, but the prejudice against the Optometrists by the Nigerian Medical Association and other allied health assoiations is frustrating!Yet it should not deter us from contributing our quota towards eliminating avoidable causes of blindness by 2020 and beyond.
We should remember that we just have about 9 years to get to year 2020...its rather absurd that we cannot claim any meaningful headway in halting the embarrassment blindness and visual handicap is wreaking on us! We have been busy boxing shadows...Posterity needs more than these from US! Great Optometry in Nigeria!
concluded!

optometry.naija: Vision 2020 & the Practise of Optometry in Nigeria...

optometry.naija: Vision 2020 & the Practise of Optometry in Nigeria...: "Optom Prevention of Blindness group in partnership with World Health Organization (WHO) under the umbrella of vision 2020 came up with- Cat..."

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Vision 2020 & the Practise of Optometry in Nigeria- episode 8

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Prevention of Blindness group in partnership with World Health Organization (WHO) under the umbrella of vision 2020 came up with- Cataract, Trachoma, Onchoceriacis, Childhood blindness, Refractive error/Low Vision, Glaucoma & Diabetes induced blindness- as the most common causes of avoidable causes of blindness that contributes about 80 percent of blindness. It could be avoided or managed effectively when identified early.
Cataract is any opacification of the crystalline lens with a consequent reduction of vision to the point of functional blindness in the affected eye(s). it could be monocular or bilateral depending on the triggering factor(s). such factors as senescense, metabolic, disease, trauma etc can induce cataract formation.
The best treatment of Cataract is surgical extraction of the opacification when the cataract has matured! Though newer technological development has led to earlier (Intumescent stage) removal of the opacification of the crystalline lens. Baring that, Optometrists do manage it @ the intumescent stage, after identifying it with an ophthalmoscope. We use glasses & medications @ this stage, while we ensure that such pre-surgical complications like secondary Glaucoma, itching, tearing, photophobia, pains etc are reduced or even avoided pending cataract surgery.
We refer patients for surgery when the patient's vision is so compromised that either medication or other aids cannot help their vision. Post surgically, the Optometrist ensures that anisometropia is removed, fusion & stereopsis is restored, eye heals properly etc with medications & possibly lenses!
Trachoma & Onchicerciasis ectactically compromises the integrity of the cornea & could ultimately results corneal blindness. Hygiene, therapy & patient education has ultimately proven to effectively check the menace of these oculo-systemic infections. Opthalmologists in conjuntion with Ophthalmic nurses & assistance have used the above method to reduce the incidence & prevalence of these diseases in the Northern & Southern part of Nigeria where Trachoma & Onchocerciasis respectively reigns supreme. But the measure is not complete, especially with the marginal involvement of Optometrists. We could manage corneal complications of these diseases using slit lamps, diagnostic drugs, therapeutic drugs & refering advanced cases for surgery (especially in Trachoma). Post surgically we ensure the lashes maintain aponeurosis & we remove corneal complications as much as medications can.
On Glaucoma and Diabetes induced blindness, the patients are left with retinal blindness in a gradual but steadily chronic fashion. Optometrists are experts in identification of glaucoma, especially during vision screening or routine eye testing. We use medications & glasses to manage Glaucoma; we also encourage patients to go for surgery , when possible. People with Glaucoma frequently show changes in refractive status, just like in ocular manifestations of diabetes.
Ocular manifestation of Diabetes could be in form of glycemic fluctuations of vision in the crystalline lens, cataract, glaucoma (neovascular type, especially), retinopathies & macular degenerations. Maintaining of 'optimum' blood sugar in diabetics can delay these ocular implications & it has proved to have reduced the more serious sequelaes of ocular manifestations of diabetes, especially when accompanied by frequent visit (say ones in a year!) to an eye clinic. Optometrists often use vision check, medications, patient educations & glasses in some cases to help patients with ocular manifestation of diabetes. In cases that require surgery, we prepare the patients & refer them to the specialist Ophthalmologist for surgery. We subsequently co-manage these patients with a resultant 'optimum' vision.
Childhood blindness could be as a result of congenital factors or aquired factors. It manifests in corneal blindness, as in Vit A deficiencies, trauma etc, retinal blindness, as in retinoblastomas, congenital glaucoma etc It could also manifest in crystalline lens opacifications, as in viral infections like measles or pox diseases (this could also affect the cornea). Generally paediatric Optometrists works in partnership with paediatric Ophthalmologists to co-manage these conditions in children. We often use medication pre-surgically & medications and glasses post surgically to induce 'optimization' of the young child's vision!
Finally, Refractive error & low vision which could be primary or a secondary consequence of the other common causes of blindness are expertly managed by the optometrists by removing anisometropia & any form of refractive blur with the use of lenses. apart from blur removal, lenses are also used to restorefusion, stereopsis & other forms of binocularity. We use a retinoscope for this purpose. But most patients blinded by refractive error & low vision cannot access the largely private practise Optometrists, primarily as a result of cost.
It is therefore imperative to build an effective channel to reach an Optometrist in the public sector. Currently, we are very few in public health sector & this should be addressed if Nigeria wants to achieve any meaningful goals of Vision 2020: Right to sight.
Long live Nigeria
Viva Nigerian Optometrist... To be continued...
Dr Ezebuiroh Victor Okwudiri.